Table of Contents
- Academic Calendar 2023-2024 (September 2023)
- I. General Information and Admissions
- 1. Welcome to Mount Allison University
- 2. Glossary of Academic Terms and Calendar of Events
- 3. Admission
- 3.1. Contact Information
- 3.2. Admission to the University
- 3.3. Minimum General Admission Requirements
- 3.4. Additional Admission Requirements
- 3.5. Notes on Entry to First-Year Courses
- 3.6. Requirements for Non-Canadian Education Systems
- 3.7. English Requirements
- 3.8. Mature Students
- 3.9. Admission with Advanced Standing
- 3.10. Transfer Students
- 3.11. Challenge for Credit
- 3.12. Visiting Students
- 3.13. Exchange Students
- 3.14. Special Circumstances
- 3.15. Graduate Studies
- 4. Fees
- 4.1. Fees and Expenses
- 4.1.1. Full-time/Part-time Enrolment - Fall and Winter terms
- 4.1.2. Tuition Fees
- 4.1.3. Overload Fees for Full-Time Students
- 4.1.4. Auditing Fees
- 4.1.5. Mail Service, Fitness Centre, and Technology and Service Fee
- 4.1.6. Student Organization Fees
- 4.1.7. Other Fees
- 4.1.8. Fieldwork and Travel: Expenses and Liability
- 4.1.9. Instructional Supplies Fees
- 4.1.10. Study Abroad and Exchange Fee
- 4.1.11. Residence, Communications and Meal Plan Fees
- 4.2. Deposits for Full-Time Students
- 4.2.1. Registration Deposits for New Students
- 4.2.2. Residence Deposits for New Students
- 4.2.3. Refunds of Residence Deposits for New Students
- 4.2.4. Registration Deposits for Returning Students
- 4.2.5. Residence Deposits and Refunds for Returning Students
- 4.2.6. Registration Deposits for January Admissions (New and Former Students)
- 4.2.7. Residence Deposits for January Admissions (New and Former Students)
- 4.3. Payment of Fees
- 4.3.1. Payments and Charges
- 4.3.2. Fall and Winter Payments by Part-Time Students
- 4.3.3. Fall Payments by Full-time Students
- 4.3.4. Winter Payments by Full-time Students
- 4.3.5. Fall and Winter Payments for Students Participating in Exchange Programs
- 4.3.6. Method of Payment
- 4.3.7. Reducing the Amount of Payments
- 4.4. Late Fees and Interest Charges
- 4.5. Withdrawals and Student Accounts
- 4.1. Fees and Expenses
- 5. Financial Assistance
- 6. Co-Curricular Life
- 6.1. The Mount Allison Students' Union
- 6.2. The Argosy Weekly
- 6.3. CHMA FM
- 6.4. Motyer-Fancy Theatre
- 6.5. Residence Council
- 6.6. The Pond
- 6.7. Student Employment
- 6.8. Accommodation
- 6.9. Department of Athletics and Recreation
- 6.10. Spiritual Care on Campus
- 6.11. Student Life
- 6.12. Student Life Resources
- 6.12.1. Personal Counselling
- 6.12.2. Experiential Learning and Career Development
- 6.12.3. Employment
- 6.12.4. Health Services
- 6.12.5. Student Health Insurance
- 6.12.6. Dietary and Nutritional Concerns
- 6.12.7. Student Wellness
- 6.12.8. Landlord/Tenant Concerns
- 6.12.9. International Students
- 6.12.10. Student Conduct
- 6.13. Services for Students with Disabilities
- 7. General Information
- 8. Personnel
- 9. Lectureships, Trusts and Fellowships; Endowed Chairs; Faculty Awards
- 9.1. Lectureships, Trusts and Fellowships
- 9.2. Endowed Chairs
- 9.2.1. Clement Chandler Avard and Florence Sybil Avard Chair in French Language
- 9.2.2. The Walter B. Cowan Chair in Religious Studies
- 9.2.3. The Edgar and Dorothy Davidson Chair in Canadian Studies
- 9.2.4. Fred C. Manning Chair in Commerce
- 9.2.5. The Hart Almerrin Massey Chair in Philosophy
- 9.2.6. The Pickard-Bell Chair in Music
- 9.2.7. The Reverend William Purvis Chair in English Literature
- 9.2.8. The Obed Edmund Smith Chair in Physics
- 9.2.9. The Obed Edmund Smith Chair in Mathematics
- 9.2.10. The Stiles-Bennett Chair in History
- 9.2.11. The Josiah Wood Chair in Classics
- 9.2.12. The Charles and Joseph Allison Chair of English Language and Literature
- 9.3. Faculty Awards
- II. Academic Regulations
- 10. Academic Regulations
- 10.1. Communication
- 10.2. Courses of Instruction
- 10.3. Registration
- 10.3.1. Registration Procedures (Adding Courses)
- 10.3.2. Registration Deadline
- 10.3.3. Registration Deadline (Self-directed Distance Learning Courses)
- 10.3.4. Determining Year Level
- 10.3.5. Normal Course Loads and Overloads (Fall and Winter terms)
- 10.3.6. Normal Course Loads and Overloads (Spring/Summer term)
- 10.3.7. Repeating Courses
- 10.3.8. Auditing Courses
- 10.4. Changes in Registration and Withdrawal
- 10.5. Transfer Credits
- 10.6. Academic Integrity
- 10.7. Missed Coursework or Tests
- 10.8. Examination Regulations
- 10.8.1. Scheduled Tests and Final Examinations (Fall and Winter terms)
- 10.8.2. Scheduled Tests and Final Examinations (Spring/Summer term)
- 10.8.3. Viewing Examination Papers
- 10.8.4. Accommodations for Missed Final Examinations
- 10.8.5. Extended Deadlines for Completion of Course Work
- 10.8.6. Special Examinations
- 10.9. Evaluations of Student Performance
- 10.9.1. Grading Policies for Courses
- 10.9.2. Reporting of Grades
- 10.9.3. Letter Grades and their Meanings
- 10.9.4. Prerequisite Grade Requirements
- 10.9.5. Grades Excluded from GPA
- 10.9.6. Calculation of TGPA, SGPA and CGPA
- 10.9.7. Repeated Courses, SGPA and CGPA
- 10.9.8. Grade Changes
- 10.9.9. Re-evaluation of a Grade
- 10.9.10. Aegrotat Standing
- 10.9.11. Assessment of Academic Standing
- 10.9.12. Good Standing
- 10.9.13. Unsatisfactory Standing
- 10.9.14. Academic Performance Indicators
- 10.9.15. Academic Probation
- 10.9.16. Academic Suspension
- 10.9.17. Academic Dismissal
- 10.9.18. Procedures for Appeals and Re-admissions
- 10.9.19. Disciplinary Suspension or Dismissal
- 10.9.20. Dean's List
- 10.10. Degree Requirements
- 10.10.1. Academic Standing and Credits Required for a Degree
- 10.10.2. Academic Residency Requirements
- 10.10.3. Degree with Distinction Requirements
- 10.10.4. Honours GPA and Overall GPA Requirements
- 10.10.5. Submitting a Thesis
- 10.10.6. Falling Short of the Honours Requirements
- 10.10.7. Second Undergraduate Degree Requirements
- 10.10.8. Honours Certificate
- 10.11. Graduation and Convocation
- 10.12. Transcripts
- 10.13. Replacement/Duplicate Diplomas
- 10.14. Notification of Disclosure of Personal Information
- 10. Academic Regulations
- III. Academic Degrees, Programs and Courses
- 11. Academic Programs
- 11.1. General Regulations
- 11.2. Bachelor of Arts
- 11.2.1. Requirements for a B.A. Degree
- 11.2.2. Distribution Requirements
- 11.2.3. 3/4000 Level Courses
- 11.2.4. Credits Required for a Major and Minor
- 11.2.5. Additional Minor
- 11.2.6. Double Major
- 11.2.7. Joint Major
- 11.2.8. Bachelor of Arts - Aviation
- 11.2.9. Honours Degree
- 11.2.10. General Degree with Three Minors
- 11.2.11. The Major as Required for the B.A.
- 11.2.12. Disciplinary Major
- 11.2.13. Interdisciplinary Major
- 11.2.14. Joint Major
- 11.2.15. Specially Approved Major
- 11.2.16. Bachelor of Arts - Aviation offered in conjunction with MFC Training
- 11.2.17. Majors Available for the B.A.
- 11.2.18. Joint Majors Available for the B.A.
- 11.2.19. The Minor as Required for the B.A.
- 11.2.20. Disciplinary Minor
- 11.2.21. Interdisciplinary Minor
- 11.2.22. Specially Approved Minor
- 11.2.23. Minors Available for the B.A.
- 11.2.24. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Honours Programs
- 11.2.25. Honours Programs Available for the B.A.
- 11.2.26. Complementary Courses and Prerequisites
- 11.3. Bachelor of Science
- 11.3.1. Requirements for a B.Sc. Degree
- 11.3.2. Distribution Requirements
- 11.3.3. Science Core
- 11.3.4. Minimum Number of Science Credits
- 11.3.5. 3/4000 Level Science Courses
- 11.3.6. Credits Required for a Major and Minor
- 11.3.7. Additional Minor
- 11.3.8. Double Major
- 11.3.9. Joint Major
- 11.3.10. Honours Degree
- 11.3.11. General Degree with Three Minors
- 11.3.12. Courses which Qualify as Science Credits
- 11.3.13. The Major As Required for the B.Sc.
- 11.3.14. Disciplinary Major
- 11.3.15. Interdisciplinary Major
- 11.3.16. Joint Major
- 11.3.17. Specially Approved Major
- 11.3.18. Majors available for the B.Sc.
- 11.3.19. Joint Majors available for the B.Sc.
- 11.3.20. The Minor as Required for the B.Sc.
- 11.3.21. Disciplinary Minor
- 11.3.22. Interdisciplinary Minor
- 11.3.23. Specially Approved Minor
- 11.3.24. Minors Available for the B.Sc.
- 11.3.25. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Honours Programs
- 11.3.26. Honours Programs Available for the B.Sc.
- 11.4. Master of Science
- 11.5. Bachelor of Commerce
- 11.5.1. Primary Objective
- 11.5.2. Requirements for a Bachelor of Commerce Degree
- 11.5.3. Distribution Requirements
- 11.5.4. 3/4000 Level Courses
- 11.5.5. Commerce Degree Core Requirements
- 11.5.6. Commerce Electives on the Bachelor of Commerce Degree
- 11.5.7. The Minor as Required for the Bachelor of Commerce
- 11.5.8. Elective Credits
- 11.5.9. Honours Programs Available for the Bachelor of Commerce
- 11.5.10. Commerce with Honours
- 11.5.11. Commerce with Honours in Economics
- 11.5.12. Commerce - Aviation offered in conjunction with MFC Training
- 11.5.13. Major from Other Disciplines
- 11.5.14. Transferring to Commerce
- 11.6. Bachelor of Music
- 11.7. Bachelor of Fine Arts
- 11.8. Bachelor of Arts and Science
- 11.9. Certificate of Bilingualism/ Certificat De Bilinguisme
- 11.10. Undergraduate Certificates
- 11.11. Pre-Professional Requirements
- 11.12. International Programs
- 11.13. Academic Credit for Independent Experiential Learning
- 11.14. University Special Topics Courses
- 12. Programs and Courses of Instruction
- American Studies
- Anthropology
- Arts
- Art History
- Aviation
- Biochemistry
- Biology
- Biopsychology
- Canadian Public Policy
- Canadian Studies
- Chemistry
- Classics
- Cognitive Science
- Commerce/Ron Joyce Centre for Business Studies
- Community Engaged Learning
- Computer Science
- Data Science
- Drama Studies
- Economics
- English Literatures
- Environmental Science
- Environmental Studies
- Experiential Learning
- Fine Arts/Pierre Lassonde School of Fine Arts
- French Studies
- Geography
- Geography and Environment
- German Studies
- Greek
- Health Studies
- Hispanic Studies
- History
- Indigenous Studies
- International Economics and Business
- International Relations
- Japanese Studies
- Latin
- Linguistics
- Mathematics
- Modern Languages and Literatures
- Museum and Curatorial Studies
- Music
- Philosophy
- Philosophy, Politics, and Economics/Frank McKenna School of PPE
- Physics
- Politics and International Relations
- Psychology
- Religious Studies
- Science
- Screen Studies
- Social Science
- Sociology
- Spanish Studies
- University Special Topic Courses
- Visual and Material Culture
- Women's and Gender Studies
- Certificate Programs
- Certificate in Arts Administration
- Certificate in Biopsychology
- Certificate in Canadian Arts and Culture
- Certificate in Community Engaged Learning
- Certificates in Data Science
- Certificate in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
- Certificate in Foundations of Health
- Certificate in Mi'kmaw Studies
- Certificate in Music Education
- Certificate in Social Research Methodologies
- Certificate in Studies of Indigenous History
- Certificate in Theatre Arts
- Certificate in Visual Literacy and Culture
- 11. Academic Programs
- Index
- I. General Information and Admissions
Certificate Overview. This certificate provides students the opportunity to develop valuable marketing and management skills linked directly to their experiences in Canadian culture and the Fine and Performing Arts. It is of particular use for any students considering careers in arts administration, cultural management, arts leadership, arts management, and arts entrepreneurship.
6 | from COMM 1011, 3271, 4301 |
9 | from ARTH 1991*, 2991*, 3991*, 4991*, ARTH/MUSE 2111, CANA 1011, 1991*, 2201, 2121, 2211, 2991*, 3991*, 4991*, COMM 1991*, 2991*, 3991*, 4991*, DRAM 1701, 1991*, 2161, 2991*, 3161, 3991*, 4991*, INDG 2901, 3901, MUSE 1991*, 2991*, 3301, 3321, 3991*, 4991*, MUSC 1991*, 2991*, 3001, 3813, 3991*, 4991*, VMCS 1201, 1301, 1991*, 2101, 2401, 2991*, 3991*, 4991* |
3 | from EXPL 3001, 4001, ARTH 4951, CANA 4951, COMM 4951, DRAM 4951, FINA 4951, INDG 4951, MUSE 4951, MUSC 4951, VMCS 4951 (Topic must be approved by the Head of the Department or Program in question to count towards the Certificate, and the 4951 courses should include a practical component) |
Note: *Special Topics courses must be approved by the Head of the Department or Program in question to count towards the Certificate.
Note: Students are responsible for ensuring they have the necessary prerequisites.
Certificate Overview. The courses that comprise the certificate provide students with foundational knowledge about the physiological basis for behaviour. The certificate is interdisciplinary in nature and students are required to take courses in both disciplines, although there is some flexibility that allows them to focus more heavily on either Biology or Psychology should they choose to do so.
6 | from BIOL 2811, PSYC 2101 |
12 | from the following, with a minimum of 3 credits taken from each of BIOL and PSYC: BIOL 3211, 3401, 4311, PSYC 3101, 3141, 3211, 3611, 4101 |
Note: Other courses from Biology and Psychology may also be approved by either Department Head when they contain a significant Biopsychology component.
Note: Students who complete a Major or Honours in Biopsychology may not complete the Certificate in Biopsychology.
Certificate Overview. The Certificate in Canadian Arts and Culture invites students to experience and analyze different kinds of creative production, including music, theatre, literature, and visual art, made in Canada. Drawing from diverse programs and departments, this suite of courses engages vital questions: what cultural creations emerge from this place? What do they teach us about identities, belonging, and creativity? How can we intervene in critical conversations about artistic expression in this country? The Certificates foundational courses introduce students to key Canadian symbols, myths, and cultural themes as well as concepts for assessing cultural experiences and products. From there, students deepen their understanding of particular forms (textual, visual, auditory, performance) by deciphering, analyzing, and critiquing a wide variety of Canadian creations.
Certificate Overview. The Certificate in Community Engaged Learning has three core courses, which introduce ideas of community, the theory and practice of community engaged learning, and critical pedagogies. The intermediate level courses build on this knowledge and also allow students an opportunity to work in a sustained way with a community partner. The program incorporates a range of courses from around the University to allow students the chance to explore themes in community engaged learning. The Certificate combines both theoretical and applied learning by requiring a 3-credit practicum.
A Minor in Community Engaged Learning is also available (see Community Engaged Learning in Section 12 Programs and Courses of Instruction).
9 | from CENL/RELG 1001, CENL 1201, 1401, 2001, 2101, 3101 |
6 | from CANA 2201, 3231, 4201, GENV 1201, INDG 1001, 3991, 4991, PHIL 1651, 2701, PSYC 2301, 2431, 3801, 3521, 3751, 4311, RELG 2411, 3981, WGST 1001, 2101, 3101 |
3 | from CENL/RELG 4001, CENL 4101, GENV 4521, SOCI 4311, 4971 |
Note: Students are responsible for ensuring that they have prerequisites for 2/3/4000 level courses in the elective streams
Certificate Overviews. Data Science is the emerging interdisciplinary study and application of how we capture, organize, archive, access, and use large-scale data. Data Science alters disciplinary and professional practices, enabling new conceptual approaches and categories of questions, while generating new challenges in ethics and privacy. These issues and opportunities now pervade many areas of human endeavour, from physics to health care to social policy.
To successfully engage with the scope and scale of data resources requires high throughput approaches, with new concepts and practices for effective management, distribution, and presentation of data. Our goal is to give students the concepts and tools to empower their ethical engagement with the emerging potentials and challenges of data, across disciplines and fields of enquiry.
The Certificate in Data Management covers the theory, ethics, and practice of managing and presenting large data resources. The certificate will empower students with tools to advance their disciplinary work, and to progress to graduate or professional practice.
The Certificate in Data Analytics covers conceptual approaches to analyses of large-scale data, which presents both challenges and opportunities.
The two certificates can be combined, along with advanced statistics, to form a Minor in Data Science (see Data Science in Section 12 Programs and Courses of Instruction). The certificates and minor are designed to engage and serve the interests of a wide range of students and in all cases emphasize interdisciplinary opportunities and challenges of data science, which supports and extends many disciplines and professional areas. Skills in data science are thus highly transferrable across many areas of practice.
3 | from MATH 1311 |
9 | from DATA 3001, 3101, 4001 |
6 | from MATH 1311, 2221 |
3 | from COMP 1631 |
3 | from ECON 2701, BIOL 2701, MATH 2321, PSYC 2011, GENS 2431, PHYS 2801 |
6 | from DATA 3001, 4001 |
Note: There are prerequisites for some 2000 level courses in this certificate. Students are responsible for ensuring that they have the necessary prerequisites. It is recommended that students meet with the program director early on to map out the certificate.
Certificate Overview. The Department of Sociology, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Certificate provides students with the opportunity to develop valuable knowledge, methodologies, and applied skills about the important issue of building an inclusive society free from barriers to full participation and engagement. Students develop their cultural competence by exploring the wide range of human qualities and attributes within a group, organization, or society including dimensions of diversity such as ancestry, culture, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, language, physical and intellectual ability, race, religion, sex, sexuality, and socio-economic status. Courses examine the principles of equity in polices and practices to assess and improve their effectiveness in achieving fair, inclusive, and respectful treatment of all people. Course material reviews historical and contemporary injustices and disadvantages faced by particular groups. Students examine how to create opportunities and reduce disparities in opportunities and outcomes for diverse communities and to assist institutions and organizations in identifying and tackling barriers to create safer environments for marginalized people. Applied projects allow students to develop strategies that facilitate individuals' and communities' social inclusion in economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions.
Certificate Overview. The courses that comprise the certificate provide students with foundational knowledge about the biological and psychosocial bases of health and health care. This certificate is beneficial to students planning a career in health care broadly defined, including medicine, nursing, allied health care professions, health policy and biomedical research.
3 | from BIOL 3211 |
3 | from BIOL 3221, 3751 |
6 | from PSYC 2101, 2611 |
3 | from PSYC 3101, 3151, 3211, 3611, 4101, 4611, BIOL 2811, 3911, 4221, 4311 |
3 | from PSYC 2431, 3421, 3311, 3331, 3511, 4411, SOCI 2611, 3511, 3761, 4201, 4601, ECON 3111, PHIL 3511, PHIL 3711, PHIL 3741, COMM 4391 |
Note: Department Heads may approve other selected Special Topics courses if the topic is appropriate.
Note: Students will also be required to obtain the Certificate of Completion of the TCPS 2 Tutorial Course on Research Ethics.
Certificate Overview. The Certificate in Mi'kmaw Studies offers an introduction to Indigenous Studies and Indigenous research while focusing on Mi'kmaw language, culture, and land. Given Mount Allison's location in the unceded and ancestral territory of Mi'kma'ki, students from any program may want to deepen their knowledge of local Indigenous cultures through the Certificate in Mi'kmaw Studies. The Certificate offers an Experiential Learning option, and many courses will include land-based learning, visits from Elders and Knowledge Keepers, and other kinds of interactive learning experiences.
Certificate Overview. Designed for students intending to pursue a career in Music Education in elementary or secondary school systems, the Certificate in Music Education includes the courses most commonly required by B.Ed./B.Mus.Ed. programs which students would complete following their degree at Mount Allison. The Certificate demonstrates students' specialization in Music Education, both for themselves and for future educational institutions and employers. The courses included in the Certificate develop musical and classroom leadership skills by ensuring that students take a balanced series of courses pairing philosophical approaches to music education with practical skills. The Certificate includes practical experiential courses, instrument and ensemble methods courses, and courses that offer opportunities to explore the philosophies underpinning pedagogical practices and critically reflect on them.
Certificate Overview. The courses included in this certificate focus on the understanding and application of the social science research methods commonly used in the public and private sectors. Skills in social research methods are highly transferrable and marketable, and graduates with these skills are increasingly sought by employers across all sectors academia, government, charities and business.
Certificate Overview. The Certificate of Studies in Indigenous History offers an accreditation for students who take a number of Indigenous Studies courses with strong historical content. Courses focus on the history of Indigenous nations within and across Canadian borders, including the historical relations between Indigenous peoples, colonial powers, and settler nation-states.
Certificate Overview. The courses included in this certificate focus on the practical aspects of theatre and drama and highlight synthesis and practical application of many facets of theatre arts. With courses in acting, directing, production, design, as well as the capstone DRAM 4011 course and the production practicum course, students will be immersed in experiential learning as they hone their craft and learn about the myriad aspects of theatre.
Certificate Overview. Visual literacy is indispensable in our information age and global economy. To be successful in navigating careers and personal lives, twenty-first-century students must acquire the critical and analytical skills required to expertly decode visual communication, describe and interpret images and visual representation, use visual materials proficiently and creatively, and grasp the impact of visual culture. This certificate is thus intended as accreditation for students who develop visual literacy skills in order to enhance their post-graduation employment prospects in industry sectors where images, visuality, and viewing practices play an important role (e.g. the arts, culture, and creative industries; communications and media relations; government and not-for-profit leadership; heritage and conservation; journalism and publishing; tourism; and marketing and advertising). Visual literacy is extremely useful in a range of workplace tasks, such as designing professional presentations and websites, creating efficient systems of organizing verbal and visual information, mapping out collective problem solving, and communicating competently with a wide spectrum of demographics (designated by age, culture, disability, ethnicity, gender, race, etc.). This certificate will also be beneficial to students seeking admission to competitive professional or graduate schools, such as medicine, engineering, and education, which increasingly recognize the significance of an observant eye and visual analysis skills.
Foundation: | |
6 | from VMCS 1201, 2111, 3201, 3241, 4950, 4951, 4991 |
Theoretical, Methodological, Disciplinary: | |
3 to 6 | from ARTH 2101, ARTH/MUSE 2111, CLAS 2501, 3801, DATA 3001, DRAM 1701, 3161, ENGL 1701, FREN 3811, HIST 1681, 4901, PHIL 2401, SCRN 1001, VMCS 2101, 2401, 2501, 3811, VMCS 1991, 2991, 3991 |
Experiential, Applied: | |
3 to 6 | from CANA 2201, CLAS 3501, COMM 3271, 4301, DATA 3101, DRAM 2001, 2161, GENS 2431, HIST 3861, 4001, MUSE 3321, PHYS 2801, RELG 2541, VMCS 2121, 3241, 3311, 3501, VMCS 1991, 2991, 3991 |
Geographic, Cultural: | |
3 to 6 | from ARTH 3021, 3031, CANA 1011, 2801, 3831, CLAS 2521, 3621, 3631, 3721, 3731, FREN 1801, 1811, 1821, GENS 2441, GENV 2811, 3321, 3831, GERM 2811, HIST 2801, 3361, 3721, 3831, INDG 2801, 3831, RELG 3311, 3321, SPAN 1811, 1821, 3821, VMCS 1801, 1821, 2521, 3101, 3111, 3211, 3621, 3631, 3721, 3731, 3821, VMCS 1991, 2991, 3991 |